Management Role

There are several meanings and interpretations that are engaged in the word management. Also, the roles and work that are associated in this position also defends on the knowledge of that particular person about the term. It can be said that most people view management as the position in which you can get the things done through other people. Still, there are some views regarding the role of management in an organization that can be considered quite apart from the traditional view of management roles such as to support employees in order to maximize their ability for the betterment of the organization and as well to help employees to be productive members of the community. However, for most employees it can be said that the term management refers to the group of people with the responsibility to make decisions about the organization. The activities of the board as well as program and/or executive directors are also referred to as management. In Joe’s case, he had misconceptions of the responsibility that had been put into his shoulders by the time that he was appointed manager for the Best Made Mfg. Thus, Joe was placed back into his previous position, in the production line after merely 3 weeks.   Joe expected to do the same kind of work, only lighter than before after being placed into a new position. In can be seen in this case that the roles and responsibilities of being a manager is quite different from being in the production line. Being a part of the production line means working side-be-side with the people on the said workplace. It means that you are likely to do what most people do. Thus, being a manager is a totally different scenario. In order to better see the differences, let us look closely to the part and role of the management in the progress and development of the company. In the traditional interpretation, management is referred to as the activities of groups of people in which their main responsibility involves planning, organizing, leading and as well as controlling/coordinating. In order to have a better picture of the role of management, let us look closely at each of the four functions mentioned above. Planning involves the identification of goals, objectives and methods that the company intends to do and achieve. The resources that will be used in the companies operation is also part of planning as well as to identify the responsibilities of personnel’s and the completion date of a certain task. There are many kinds of planning of which strategic, business, project, staffing and as well as advertising and promotions planning are included. Another responsibility of the management is to organize the resources of the company in order to achieve the goals of the company in the most advantageous manner. It may include the organization of new departments, offices, file systems, human resources and as well as the reorganization of the business and others. Another consideration and responsibility that is in the hands of the management is to influence the persons that are part of the company. Leading is an important consideration in order to motivate the employees. Thus, to set the direction that must taken by the individual employees is an important factor in order to maximize the potential of the company. Leading not just involves striving to achieve the goal of the company but to influence the employees to the same thing as well. Controlling/Coordinating is also an important task of the management. It involves the processes, systems and structures of the organization in order to reach the organization’s goals and objectives in the most effective and efficient manner. This may include the monitoring and adjustments of the systems and other structures of the company as well as the collection of feedbacks. The performance management process, financial controls together with the policies and structures are some of the examples. Thus, the task of those in the production line and management involves two different tasks. The main distinction is that those in the production line are guided by the management but does not have the authority to make decisions. This is the job of the management along with all the other responsibilities and task mentioned above. Being part of the management and of the production line are two different tasks that involves different approach. To treat them as having the same function and responsibility will surely cause you some trouble just like Joe’s case. Reference Davidmann, M. (1998). Role of managers under Different Style of Management. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.solhaam.org/articles/clm2su.html Heathfield, S. (2007). When Management Systems Fail. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://humanresources.about.com/od/motivationsuccess/a/manage_systems.htm McNamara, C. (2007). Basics—Definitions (and Misconceptions) About Management. Retrieved December 12, 2007 from http://www.managementhelp.org/mgmnt/defntion.htm Management Role The manager and leaders are different notions; yet they are united in the fact that both fulfil a variety of roles in an organization. It is this variety of roles that makes their job so challenging and diverse. People entering these positions should prepare themselves to balance many tasks and issues at a time, trying to find a good balance between all of them. This week we will concentrate on the role of the manager as specified in the management roles and styles. Professionals discussing this issue find a classification advanced by H. Mintzberg very helpful. This classification includes ten most common roles fulfilled by the manager: â€Å"three interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader, and liaison), three informational roles (monitor, disseminator, and spokesman), and four decisional roles (entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator)† (Gottschalk, n.d.). Minzberg notes that these roles are fulfilled by all managers irrespective of their position in an organization and corresponding functions. However, in his opinion, â€Å"differences do exist in the importance and effort dedicated to each managerial role based on job content, different skill levels, and expertise† (Gottschalk, n.d.). The consideration of managerial roles has important implications for an organization regardless of its sphere of activity. For example, the organization opting for the matrix management will introduce â€Å"multiple lines of authority, reflecting the multiple functions expected of a flexible workforce† (Li et al., 2003, p. 192). This means that managers in such an organization should possess a variety of skills that make them better prepared to handle each specific situation. In my view, the most important role in Minzberg’s matrix is that of a leader. As stated above, management and leadership are not equivalent. Kelly (n.d.) points out that â€Å"Managers maintain, oversee and follow policies set by others; leaders by example induce others to follow, they set goals and often are the catalysts for change†. However, it seems that the conflict between management and leadership is overemphasized in literature. When a person leads, the managerial role offers support and framework for this activity. On the other hand, if the manager is not a leader, there are relatively few ways to force people to do things. One is to demand obedience through discipline, but this is hardly a viable way to inspire people to great deeds. Leadership skills are multiple: here belong communicative skills, the gift to speak so as to impress the audience, a fine knowledge of psychology, and ability to set clear goals. The manager should be a skilful resource allocator, as Minzberg mentions, since resources of the organization depend on good management. Effective distribution of resources is a great help to an organization in achieving its goals. A manager is expected to provide guidance on this procedure and handle the task on one’s own. Doing this can require considerable hard skills, including knowledge of mathematically-based resource allocation models. Surely, the degree to which a manager is going to need these skills will vary proportionately to the manager’s involvement in resource allocation. In many cases, a good working knowledge of the computer is essential since resource allocation can be done with the help of software such as MS Project. One role that Minzberg does not cover explicitly but the one that is nevertheless very important is that of a mentor. A manager is there to help employees reach their full potential and is therefore obliged to pay attention to their skills and expertise. He or she should make bringing out inborn skills and developing weak areas a priority in one’s work. To make this happen, the manager should develop in the first place communication skills. To be a mentor, one needs to establish good relations with the person and find out what this individual’s interests are. Rapport with subordinates is essential for this role, and teaching skills are essential. Another role that can be added to Minzberg’s classification is that of a delegator. A manager should possess ability to delegate that forms the basis for effective work of a unit. It is in no case possible to do everything on one’s own. Therefore, the manager needs to be able to find niches for certain people and find out in what way they can deliver value to an organization. This takes substantial knowledge of the nature of business, as well as the ablity to assess adequately the abilities of a concrete person. A manager should also be a good innovator. Since this role requires creativity, not everyone can fulfil it adequately. However, it is imperative that a manager be able to invent new solutions. In the course of managerial activities, novel and unusual situations are frequent. To these situations, a manager cannot always find trite solutions and therefore has to come up with something new. Thus, a manager is expected to fulfil a variety of roles. The ability to find balance between all of them is perhaps the most important ability and role in an organization. The manager should serve as a â€Å"balancer† integrating all parts of the assignment or project into a coherent whole. This role is perhaps even more important than all the rest. However, its fulfilment requires adequate position in all the other roles. The manager will inevitably succeed in some roles and struggle with others. Thus, someone who is a skilful spokesman can be a much worse resource allocator; another one who is a good entrepreneur is a poor disturbance handler. This is why it is necessary to keep reviewing one’s management style from time to time, identifying more and less successful roles and improving those that need strengthening. References Gottschalk, P. The Chief Information Officer: A Study of Managerial Roles in Norway. Retrieved August 19, 2006 Kelly, R.R. Leadership/Management. Retrieved August 19, 2006 Li, R.R. et al. Shifting matrix management: a model for multi-agent cooperation. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 16, pp. 191-201. Retrieved August 19, 2006, from http://iet.open.ac.uk/pp/m.j.weller/pub/

Death of Stressman Essay

One of the factors that results in the rise of Hitler is the death of a capable leader that brought stability and prosperity back to Germany. This capable leader is known as Gustav Stressman . Stressman died of a heart attack on 3rd October 1929. On behalf of the Weimar government, Stressman had negotiated the Dawes and Young Plans for more time to pay reparations to the Allies. In 1925, he also helped to end the Ruhr occupation by French and Belgian troops which had begun in 1923 and signed the 1925 Locarno Pact with France and Britain, promising to respect Germany’s Western borders. Thus, Germany’s relations with her former enemies improved and Germany was even allowed to be a member of the League of Nations. Therefore the years between 1924 and 1929 is considered as a golden age for Germany. Since then, Germany’s economic recovery depended on US loans. This made Germany vulnerable as it depended on America’s ability to keep lending. Therefore when Stressman died and The Great depression started in 1929, thousands of business closed and millions of Americans were thrown out of work. It also affected economies around the world. The loans from the United States of America on which Germany depended dried up. This resulted in the massive unemployment of many Germans which brought poverty to them. However, the Weimar government was helpless in solving the economic crisis without the leadership of Stressman which resulted in the German people to lose confidence in both the Weimar government and democracy. Therefore, the Germans started to search for any people or group that could help them . Hence ,due to the loss of confidence in the Weimar government, Hitler began to gain support from the Germans as they wanted a change of government and support Nazism which lead to the rise of Hitler.

Managing Finance and Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing Finance and Information - Essay Example In this manner, the knowledge base is transformed through the systems logical process modeling, which allows for data applications to be interoperable and interchangeable through the enterprise in a secure manner. The transformation process involves strategic security levels. This focuses on the logic linkages of data packets, for example, linking the engineering intellectual capital of suppliers to transform into composite information for product development. The transformation process is incremental to ensure that data maintains integrity and is validated throughout the process, with the goal of removing inconsistencies and promoting the business model. Data outputs are organized based on system uses information already maintained by the company; however, the information requires a different method of storage and access. The data integrity validation system may require additional storage space to allow for the real-time job proofing that is an integral part of the system. The intellectual property received, transformed, and administered to the end user have increased dependence on electronic transmission of order information and therefore demand a greater degree of redundancy regarding the output infrastructure. Monetary value fluctuates with the type of intellectual property or research data received, the transformation i... locally obtain necessary information using accessible physical devices (hardware) that process particular data (retained in a database) via a certain set of instructions (software). All successful information systems must connect and direct people, processes, data, hardware, and software towards a desired goal. The IM project tools such as work process maps, internal project reviews, focused client expectation and satisfaction surveys, and Jacobs Value Enhancing Practices to both deliver successful, repeatable results, and to create new opportunities for innovation and enhanced value Delivery Throughout The Input-Output Cycle The success of both the IM department and the ontology of the systems systems depend on the integrity of the data that forms the foundation for each system. A database stores a collection of files containing various pieces of information or data that are interrelated in some fashion. It can also not be stated that any one source of data has a greater value than another, or than the transformation of the data, or the output to clientele. However, a lack of validity, integrity or security in any input-transformation-output cycle could cost Jacobs Engineering millions, if not billions, of dollars in lost, stolen, or corrupt data. Therefore, while there cannot be a specific monetary value attached to the data cycle, there is a strong amount of financial risk involved with loss of information in the data cycle. The Budgets table shows the estimated cost of relative data control needs. The IM value is not monetary based, but without the succinct capabilities there would be a significant gap in the functional ability of Jacobs Engineering to work in the global information technology environment. The value of IM is therefore not based on the traditional

Analysis of Social and Health History Data for Older Persons Essay

Analysis of Social and Health History Data for Older Persons - Essay Example Moreover, the psychological changes among others are all problems associated with old age. The major changes that individuals face include adjustment to retirement, reduced income, and the use of leisure time. We will carry out a critical analysis of comprehensive social and health history data for two older persons. In this regard, one older person considers she or he is healthy’ for this stage of their life. Conversely, the second older person considers him/herself as experiencing ill health and/or a dysfunction. The potential health problems, demonstrate differences in these two persons’ social and health histories. Analysis will also be made on how these health problems impact on their quality of life and lifestyle. The person who will consider that he/she is healthy to this stage will react positively to changes. They will accept the fact that as the functions of the body changes, a healthy mental attitude helps a person to maintain a zest for living. This will fre e the person from monitoring changes and enables the person to seek medical care, hence adjust to personal lifestyle. This person will struggle to stay physically healthy by changing the poor health habits. Such habits include avoidance of negligence and body exercise that slows down the aging process. This postpones physical symptoms of aging such as heart failure, stroke, hypertension, and arthritis. Exercise will stimulate the mind and lessens premature dependence on others thereby improving the overall quality of life. This person with have positive social interactions that will enrich aging and can even involve themselves in community development, in volunteer activities, or even close family ties. All these provide enjoyment as a person ages. Ericson (1950) theory, Ego integrity versus despair, involve coming into terms with one's life. Any form of ill health can easily be dealt with, and these persons live long than expected. It is important to note that the adults who get to a sense of integrity feel whole, complete, and satisfied with their achievements (Martin & Kinsella, 2004, p.90). On the contrary, these other older person who considers he/she is experiencing ill health and/or dysfunction. These persons take the aging process negatively and lacks acceptance. At this stage, despair comes in and they feel they had made wrong decisions. In such a scenario, the time is too short to find an alternative route to integrity. Without another chance, these persons find difficulty in accepting the closeness of death and overcome with resentment, defeat, and hopelessness. These attitudes expressed as anger and contempt for others disguising contempt for oneself. These persons tend to have a faultfinding behavior with a tendency to blame others for their personal failures. They also have regretful view of their own life reflecting with a great sense of despair. These people will just lie down on their beds and start complaining. They get more prone to aging di seases as stroke, hypertension, heart failure, arthritis, and they lack the strength to struggle with such diseases. They die within a shorter period than expected. Compare the similarities and differences in the chosen health problems Similarities in these two persons are that they are both older persons thus exposed to illnesses associated with old age. Such diseases include omega 48 blood disorders, neurological disorders, and respiratory

Safegurads and Controls Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safegurads and Controls - Essay Example The used book store envision to promote literacy through their funding for education improvement programs by buying books that people do not want, find buyers and fund the proceeds for social cause. Used books are usually collected through campus collection from universities and colleges and from donation initiatives and discard of Libraries. Online services enables the store to distribute used books to a wide range of people globally, nationally and locally, who are in need of free books in underdeveloped countries. Alans used book store gives importance to save million of tonnes of paper waste for recycling rather than using it for landfills. The book store also envisages collecting voluntary funds from customers at exit point to fund reforestation programs and renewable energy credits (Profits with Purpose: Better World Books). Books should be handled with care while arranging them in shelves and moving it to make place for new arrivals. The dust jackets usually get damaged when moving books. Further books should be stored in a systematic manner to avoid theft and to locate books quickly. Books have to be categorized and numbered and stocks should be taken at regular intervals to keep a check on the number of sold items and the number of new arrivals. Proper accounting with details of the book will enable the business to identify books that sell fast and books that do not sell quickly. Books should not be stacked in the shelves; instead it should be placed in a stand up position. This reduces damage to books and offers ease to handle books and prevent the probable damage while taking a book from the bottom of a stacked row. Books should always be placed on the shelves. Books should not be place on the floor since it may contact moisture. Books will get faded and pages will turn yellow if it is exposed to d irect sunlight. Alans used book store proposes to manage risk by purchasing books from users that are mostly sought

Summaries Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summaries - Article Example While Narrator requested at-least five people about the correct time, they all gave varied replies, even the official clock did not reveal the correct time. Over the period, the professor could connect such understanding of time with varied cultures and lifestyles of different places, as people had diverse notions about punctuality and meaning of time.(Levine) The author has referred to the problem of addiction by children for watching excess TV. Drexler cites the research done by Aderson towards the reaction of parents facing such situation. The author refers to the research saying that it has refuted the conventional thinking that children watching TV will have reduced classroom and academic performance, while impairing their reading and thinking as well as analyzing ability. Instead, according to the author and cited research finding, children have increased critical thinking ability as they watch TV. Author further suggests that reading habits of children are related to their family history and parents can help them learn new innovative things, as they watch TV. Levine Robert â€Å"Time Talks with an Accent†, goggle books, nd, web, 12 March 2015:

Starting and Developing a New Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Starting and Developing a New Venture - Essay Example Under these circumstances, entrepreneurship comes in handy. Investing in small businesses that do not require large amounts of capital is fits the entrepreneurs whose capital acquisition is limited. With more and more people getting engaged in the small business sector, their ability to meet the basic needs is strengthened as they wait for better opportunities to emerge. The small business sector is composed of many small independent firms that own a little market share. The small firms lack the capability of influencing prices within the market segment that they occupy. The firms in a small business sector lack formalities in their management structures. They are normally dominated by centralized management and individual decision making in the production process. Firms in a small business sector mainly operate on low capital and produce a limited number of products, targeting a narrow array of customers in the market (Nathaniel, 2008: 47). The small business sector is a derivative of entrepreneurship and innovation. Entrepreneurship is the process of undertaking the risk of obtaining goods and services at a particular cost and selling them at predicted prices. It is the process of combining many factors of production in the creation of new enterprises. Innovation is a change in product, service or the method of production and marketing, with the a im of improving competitiveness of a business in the market. The small business sector comes up to satisfy a particular demand existing in a particular locality. Innovative entrepreneurs identify the need for availing nonexistent products and services in the market. They may not be needed in large quantities, but they are essential in the market. A good example is where small scale dealers in spare parts complement the automobile industry in a particular area. Motor vehicle dealers may not

Fairytales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fairytales - Essay Example An important theme of Cinderella is male superiority. All men discussed in the story are in dominating and controlling positions and accordingly, the women are shown in submissive positions to the men. There are two men performing main roles in the story i.e. Cinderella’s father and the king’s son. While Cinderella’s father is shown to be a rich man, her mother is said to be old and sick. Death of Cinderella’s mother is an important event in the story as it changes Cinderella’s life. It does not take Cinderella’s father long to get married to another woman, and there is no mention of memories or love of Cinderella’s mother in her father’s mind or heart in the story that follows. This is suggestive of the notion that it is very easy for a man to forget a woman and that a man never falls short of women ready to be his wife, irrespective of his age. While her father happens to be a rich man, this hardly helps Cinderella in any way. Her father does not intervene anywhere as Cinderella’s step-mother and step-sisters make her their servant. This is suggestive of the ignorance of men toward women even in the position of their children, thus again mentioning the superiority of men over women in a way. Finally, when the king organizes the festival, its main purpose is to provide the prince with an opportunity to have all the beautiful girls in the town right in front of him and select anyone he wants to marry among them as his future wife. Not just this, but also the element that all girls in the town are so eager to be there at the festival, knowing the purpose for which it has been arranged suggests that men are far advanced in terms of power and superiority in comparison to women. It is understood that any girl the prince would pick up would sure be his wife, there is no question of the girl’s readiness for this. Even Cinderella, the main character of the story with whom, children sympathize and wh om they love finds a way to attend the festival. All these elements imprint this fact in the minds of the children that men assume a strange and obvious sort of superiority over the women. Rapunzel Rapunzel is another fairytale that never fails to get admiration from the little readers. There are many elements in the story that spark interest for it in the children. Some of these elements include the long and beautiful hair of Rapunzel, the garden that accommodates all sorts of beautiful flowers, not to mention, the magical rampions in it, use of the long hair of Rapunzel as a rope, and most importantly, her pitiful life. For a fact, a common element between many fairytales is that the main character of girl in the story is always pretty but is in pitiful circumstances, waiting for a prince to come to her rescue. Rapunzel is no different in this sense. Marriage is an important theme of Rapunzel. All couples talked about in the story are married couples. When children read such stori es in their childhood, they are raised with the assumption that marriage is the only way two people can live together and procreate in the society. Such stories lay the foundation of the fundamental status of marriage as the building block of the society and the criticism toward cohabitation and same sex marriage observed in everyday life. The story starts with the depiction of a couple of man and woman that are husband and wife to each other and have a

Ethical Issues in Businesses Today Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues in Businesses Today Essay Ethical issues in businesses today There are a million ethical issues in todays businesses and unfortunately there is no perfect decision measurement for all these ethical issues in business. The ethical issues in international businesses are much more complicated and much more delicate, along with being tenfold in numbers. According to Wiley (1995), ethics is concerned with moral obligation, responsibility, and social Justice. She goes on to say that ethics reflects the character of the individual and more con temporarily per haps, the character of the business firm, which is a collection of individuals. Mauro et all, 1999) It is evident that ethics play such a crucial role in businesses if we consider the instances like the Enron companys ethical break down. Not only in Enron, but Dilemmas involving discrimination, harassment, fraud, contractual breaches, favouritism and consistent policies regarding pay, rewards and discipline are common occurrences in many organizations. (Hartel, C. E. J, Fujimoto, Y, 2010) Industry Wide Ethical Issues in Business Following is a list of industry wide ethical issues in businesses. The problem with these ethical issues in business is that they are not only really routine and frequent ut they are also more wide-spread Bribing powerful officials in order to get bids and tenders accepted and bribing competitor employees to get informational leaks is a serious ethical issue in business. In fact, it is a crime that is legally punishable in most countries today. Labor related issues like gender discrimination at workplace, employee harassment, minority community participation, working conditions and child labor are also some general ethical issues in busines

Gods Word in Schools Essay Example for Free

Gods Word in Schools Essay Currently our country is in moral decay because we are not raising our children under the authority of Gods Word. For example, some parents feel as though their children should not have to do chores around the house. It is our responsibility as parents to educate our children on what Gods Word  says about all of lifes issues, including chores. In Jane Smileys, The Case Against Chores she attacks parents that have their kids do chores saying that it alienates children from the family, but it my family it brings us together because we all pitch in to get the job done. In 1 Samuel 16:11 it says when Samuel came to anoint David, he was in the field tending the sheep. He was doing his chores! This passage clearly indicates that God wants kids to do chores. Whether or not our kids do chores is not the biggest issue though. In the 1960s the U. S. Supreme Court decided to take prayer out of our schools. From that point on our country has seen a vast moral decay resulting in things such as AIDS and the murder of millions of innocent babies. Are we to blame the government for this? How about the school system? We need to look at ourselves as parents. Since our school systems are not going to allow the Word to be taught we parents must take up the sword and teach our children what God has to say about lifes major issues. Traditional family values are quickly becoming a thing of the past. In her article Ms. Smiley states, And dont the parents love their children anyway, whether the children vacuum or not? This is insinuating that the only reason parent’s love their kids, is because of the work they do. To that I say its because we love our kids we assign them chores. This helps them learn responsibility. The Bible says, Train up a child in the way he should go: and when he is old, he will not depart from it (Proverbs 22:6). Its not just about teaching our children what the Word says, but we must show them in our relationship with them. Ms. Smiley says in her article when she was taking care of her horse she saw the purpose of her labor. If we educate our children about Gods Word they will see the purpose in everything they do. Colossians 3:23 says, And whatever you do work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men. When Gods Word is in our heart our entire life takes on new meaning. Ms. Smiley says in her article when she was a girl she had a problem with a teacher because she (Ms. Smiley) always did what she wanted to do. She had no responsibility. She would leave for school with her room a mess and return home and it would be cleaned up for her. Its clear that Gods Word had not been taught to Ms. Smiley. The Bible says in Romans 13:1 that we are to submit ourselves to authority. Proverbs 15:33 tells us the fear of the LORD teaches a man wisdom. Had Ms. Smiley been taught the Word there would not have been a problem. In the case of Ms. Smiley we can see where our culture is going astray. We have gotten away from God in the home and in the schools and we now have one generation passing down their values (or lack thereof)  to another. In order to restore our country to what our founding fathers intended it to be we must start in the homes. We can do this by giving our kids chores, disciplining them when needed, telling them what they need to hear as opposed to what they want to hear, spending time with them, showing them love, and most importantly teaching them about our Heavenly Father. In doing so we can bring up a nation of young leaders who can restore this great land to what it once was, one nation under God with liberty and justice for all.

Look At What Is Counselling Psychology Essay

Look At What Is Counselling Psychology Essay Counselling in the broad sense of the term is simply expressing your ideas about how someone can improve their situation. Human beings are always faced with issues that involve a degree of anxiety. An obstacle or challenge is presented by poor choices or circumstances, and a decision must be made about how to approach the issue in order to reduce the tension and restore hope. Everyone becomes a counsellor for themselves or for others whenever the challenge is presented or arises. Counselling is a principled relationship characterised by the application of one or more psychological theories and a recognised set of communication skills, modified by experience, intuition and other interpersonal factors. It may be of very brief or long duration, take place in an organisational or private practice setting and may or may not overlap with practical, medical and other matters of personal welfare. It is both a distinctive activity undertaken by people agreeing to occupy the roles of counsellor and client. The goal in learning counselling skills is to present ideas in a way that is intentional and that can be predicted to improve a situation faced by the person. (Daniel Keeran, 2012). 2. Making clients feel safe in a counselling session The main focus of Person Centred counselling is in creating a therapeutic relationship between counsellor and client.   The client needs to be able to talk about whatever they need to, share their intimate thoughts and explore sometimes difficult feelings.   For this the client needs to feel able to fully trust the counsellor; they need to  feel safe, supported and that they will not be judged. The  counsellor works at creating the right environment in which a client feels able to look at  themselves and develop a greater understanding of their own thoughts, feelings and meanings. The counsellor is not there to analyse the client or give them advice, but instead to be alongside them, supporting them and helping them to explore their own issues, with the belief that the client with come to find their own answers. Paying attention to meeting, greeting and seating For counselling to be effective, the counsellor needs to work at building a relationship for equals especially in the early stages where the counsellor might be feeling vulnerable and insecure. Also considering that the client is meeting the counsellor on unfamiliar territory.i.e. The counsellors consulting room. Striving to keep the room neutral is a positive step the counsellors can take in order to keep the equality gap i.e. free from personal belongings such as books and family photographs. (Daniel Kareen, 2010) Greeting the client can be fairly informal especially greeting clients with their first names, it can make clients feel comfortable and accepted and introducing yourself by your first name can break down the barriers. If the client does not feel comfortable, the counsellor can ask the client how they would like to be addressed. BUILDING SAFETY Be aware of helping the client feel safe in counselling If a client is very resistant, not willing to talk, what hes telling us nine times out of ten is that he doesnt feel safe enough to talk about whatever he needs to talk about. And so Ill say to him, I wonder if you feel safe enough in this setting to talk about the things that you need to talk about? There are also people who say they didnt think of anything worth talking about. They didnt think anyone wanted to listen because theyve had a history of nobody listening. You can make a reflection of that. You could say, So maybe youre saying that what you have to say is not worth talking about, or you feel other people dont care about what you have to say? Id want to hear more about that. Id say, Say more about that. Where is that coming from? Whats that about? So reflect that back to them and keep the process going:Talk more about that. If you have a client who is aware of counselling skills you may engage her in lighter conversation, something thats easier to talk about, something safer. That may be feeding into the defence, though. Its saving her from the difficulty. So what I may be willing to say is, Maybe youre feeling a little uncomfortable about talking about this right now? Is that accurate? (Candy P. Feeler R. Rocco C, 2003) 3. Characteristics of an effective counsellor Good counsellors are emotionally stable Effective therapists have resolved (or at least are aware of) their own emotional issues. Theyre able to handle the stress of helping others deal with psychological disorders, without letting their own issues cause problems. Good counsellors are Introspective and Self-Aware Effective therapists are aware of how their own culture, education, socioeconomic status, values, and religious beliefs affect their practice and interaction with patients. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist must set aside his or her own personal beliefs when working with patients. Good counsellors Need Strong Interpersonal Skills Effective therapists are comfortable working with different types of people from all walks of life! A psychologist can have introverted personality traits and still have a successful career in psychology. Good written and verbal communication skills are part of strong interpersonal skills. Good counsellors are Tolerant and Open-Minded Effective therapists are open to new research (that may challenge previously held beliefs in psychology) and new ways of thinking. A good psychologist must also accept clients who cant or wont work on their psychological disorders or issues. Good psychologists also ensure their clients feel comfortable and safe as theyre confiding their deepest secrets and most embarrassing problems. A psychologist also has to inspire trust in the process of therapy. Good counsellors are Patient Effective therapists understand that significant periods of time can pass before clients are able to make changes in life. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist must be able to communicate this patience to their clients and their clients families! Good counsellors are Ethical, Moral, and Law-Abiding Effective therapists understand the ethics in working with patients, and know the importance of keeping client sessions confidential. Psychologists must understand the difference between ethics and morals A psychologist must also understand and work within the state or provincial laws and regulations that control the industry. To have a successful career in psychology, a psychologist has to work within the boundaries of the law. Good counsellors Believe in Continuing Education Effective therapists are always learning about new findings in psychological research and new ways to communicate with and help clients. The best psychologists are always brushing up on their own therapeutic skills and people skills; theyre also constantly expanding their knowledge base. Some of these personality and other traits of good psychologists are innate, but most can be learned and developed over time. Individuals who go into a psychology career with many of these personality traits will often find they excel in the field. Good counsellors are Compassionate and Caring Effective therapists are compassionate and can empathize with a clients pain, psychological issues, and other difficulties without judging or making the client feel worse about the problem. (Laurie Pawlikkienlen, 2009) 4. Unconditional Positive Regard, Empathy Congruence are the counsellors or therapists conditions needed to facilitate change. Without these conditions being present a healing relationship cannot form 4.1Understanding unconditional positive regard Besides empathy and congruence, unconditional positive regard is one of the most important core conditions in person-centred counselling. All trained counsellors must therefore be able to demonstrate an understanding of this attribute confidently. Unconditional positive regard requires that a counsellor suspends any form of personal judgment, and accepts the client, regardless of the content of any disclosure they may have made. A judgment is made in a very short amount of time, and overcoming this instant reaction can be difficult for many people. A counsellor however, has undergone specific counselling skills training and is able to provide this unconditional form of therapeutic support. During one-to-one counselling a client is able to freely express his/her emotions, feelings and thoughts, in a safe, totally confidential environment. They are free to explore all thoughts without having to maintain any level of behaviour, and are acceptably able to do so without any fear of condemnation or reject from the counsellor. 4.2Understanding congruence It could be called genuineness, realness, or congruence. The more the therapist is himself or herself in the relationship, putting up no professional front or personal facade, the greater is the likelihood that the client will change and grow in a constructive manner. This means that the therapist is openly being the feelings and attitudes that are flowing within at the moment. Thus, there is a close matching, or congruence, between what is being experienced at the gut level, what is present in awareness, and what is expressed to the client. Once the client is treated as an equal communication will start. If the therapist comes across as an authority or an expert the client will start to tailor their answers to suit this 4.3 There is also empathic understanding. This means that the therapist senses accurately the feelings and personal meanings that the client is experiencing and communicates this understanding to the client. When functioning best, the therapist is so much inside the private world of the other that he or she can clarify not only the meanings of which the client is aware but even those just below the level of awareness. This kind of sensitive, active listening is exceedingly rare in our lives. We think we listen, but very rarely do we listen with real understanding, true empathy. Yet listening, of this very special kind, is one of the most potent forces for change that I know. Empathy or empathic understanding is the next core condition. This is where the therapist picks up on the feelings of the client and reflects this back to the client. This is the process where the therapist can act as a support to the client by making them feel as if the therapist is there experiencing their array of emotions. (The counsellors guide, 2010) 5. Importance of self care for the counsellor Stress Management / Relaxation Techniques An important step in  avoiding burnout is having an awareness of helpful ways to manage stress and exercise counsellor self-care. Know yourself It is important to acknowledge when you feel overwhelmed or distressed. As a professional, it is necessary for you to pay attention to your personal behaviours, body rhythm and physical health. Be aware of the differences between stress and burnout and when you should become concerned. If you are unsure about what you are experiencing,  click on the  link below for a self-assessment to help you determine whether your behaviours and emotions meet the criteria for compassion fatigue.  The  test can be taken at anytime, and  the data collected will determine how at risk you are for burnout as well as measure whether your feelings about helping others have changed. It is a good idea to complete some form of assessment periodically to ensure you maintain your balance and care for yourself  in order to provide  excellent care for your clients. Resting The adult human body requires between 7 to 8 hours of rest for robust health. Sleep deprivation affects the mind and body and can increase stress levels, moodiness and irritation and  negatively impact  mental alertness and physical energy. At the end of the day, it is essential to find ways to relax and let go. Establish a routine before going to bed and make sure to get enough Deep Sleep, allowing for brain rejuvenation. If not enough Deep Sleep is accomplished the body will compensate by shortening other sleep cycles, including the REM cycle. If this cycle is shortened, the brain does not have an opportunity to process and integrate emotions, memories and stress from that day, leaving you emotionally deprived. Eating Well Good nutrition fuels the body and provides the building blocks that help a person handle the stresses of everyday life. Counselling requires considerable physical and mental energy; consuming foods such as fruits and vegetables will ensure you are functioning at the highest level of fitness. With a busy schedule, short lunches, paper work and counselling sessions it is easy to skip meals, eat unhealthy meals or snacks and over-consume caffeinated beverages. These things add little nutritional value, if any, to personal well being. The goal is to consume a balanced diet, eating foods from each food group, drinking lots of water and eating  three balanced meals a day, along with healthy snacks. By eating the proper foods the body is able to restore lost vitamins, minerals and nutrients, an essential part of maintaining your overall health. Exercising Exercising improves individual physical fitness and mental well being.   During exercise endorphins are released, decreasing stress levels and improving endurance, health, mental clarity and fitness. It is suggested that  individuals spend 30 minutes a day doing some form of moderate exercise.  Activities such as taking a walk, jogging, riding a bike, swimming or aerobic classes and weight training improve physical fitness and increase energy levels.   In addition to the physical benefits, exercise has also  been proven to stimulate memory. Relaxing and Renewing On occasion it is crucial to do something for yourself. As a counselling professional, you spend your time caring for others. It is vital to remember you must also care for yourself. This can be accomplished by participating in exercises such as yoga, prayer, meditation, Tai chi and reflective writing. These techniques allow you to escape from the busy world and become one with your soul, giving you time to recharge your spirit. Personal Counselling Having others to share your thoughts and feelings with can help you maintain a healthy lifestyle. Supervisors and colleagues can provide advice and support through difficult circumstances. It is recommended that helping professionals seek professional counselling, as you will continually face subjects or situations which will require you to address unresolved feelings and emotions.   Reflecting Think about your life, what is important and what is not. A person rarely gets everything they want. Be careful not to dwell in negativity. The mind is powerful. The more negative our thoughts about things, the more our actions become negative  or more reflective of those thoughts. We behave as we think. Learn to live a joyful life, doing your best and let the rest take care of itself!   Strive to do well in all things and be thankful. It is important to remember things could be a whole lot worst, no one is perfect, and as long as there is life, there is another chance.  There are a number of exercises that can be used throughout the day to allow you to stop and reflect on things.  A good way to prepare your mind and body for reflection is learning deep breathing exercises and listening to soft music. Time Management Use the time you have wisely. It is critical to use a calendar and prioritize those things in your life that must be done. Remember, no one can do everything and no matter how hard you try you will never be able to make everyone in your life happy. Commit only to those things you feel passionate about and learn to say no to things that do not fit into your plans and priorities. Organize your day, but remain flexible. No matter what our plans include, things will  occur to change  those plans.  Being prepared to make necessary adjustments lessens the pressure you may feel. Humour Laugh until it hurts. It is difficult to be sad and happy at the same time. Laughter releases endorphins, which are responsible for  improving your mood  and helping you to relax. Learn to laugh at yourself and find humour in life stressors. Do not take things so seriously that you miss out on the beauty of laughter and the opportunity to see things through a different lens. On occasion, engage in an amusing comedy show or film and always keep a book of good jokes on hand. (Steven, C, 2004)

Who do you think is the hero of this novel Gatsby, or Nick Carraway? Es

Who do you think is the hero of this novel Gatsby, or Nick Carraway? Give full reasons for your choice I believe that "The Great Gatsby" is a book about a man, Gatsby that had an obsessive love over a woman, Daisy. It is about catching his "unattainable" vain dream and completing his goals. So in my opinion the main hero of the story is Gatsby and not Nick Carraway. However even if this novel is written about Gatsby, we should not underestimate the role of Nick. It is only through him that we get to meet Gatsby; he is the one who is making him "great" for us. Even though he is trying not to be a biased narrator, we like Gatsby when Nick likes him; we have a slight dislike for him when Nick dislikes him. Nick is more of a spectator than an actor in the story. He is just an observer that through him we get to know the other main characters of the novel. He remains apart from the romance of Daisy and Gatsby even though he is the one that brought them together. He is distanced from the other characters so he could be able to write objectively about them. This fact ...

Causal Determinsim Essay -- Philosophy

Causal determinism is the concept that preceding causes give rise to everything which exists such that reality could be nothing but what it is. Science depends on this idea as it aims to find generalisations about the conjunction of certain causes and effects and thus hold some power of prediction about their future co-occurrence. However, in human interaction people assume each other to be responsible for their acts and not merely at the whim of causal laws. So the question which troubles philosophers is whether causation dictates entirely the course of human action or whether we as agents possess some free will. I will argue that free will is an inescapable illusion of the mind, something which never did nor ever could exist under causal determinism. Compatiblists propose that free will and determinism coexist while to incompatibilists that would be impossible. If we are to decide for ourselves then firstly we must establish the meanings of causal determinism and freedom of the will. Proponents of causal determinism contend that 1. Every event has a cause 2. Human actions constitute a sort of event 3. Thus every human action has a cause 4. Every action ever executed is nothing more than an inevitable consequence of the preceding conditions in the universe So if causal determinism is true humans lack any capacity to choose or to will as nothing could ever be other than it is. (McFee. 2000, p. 21) Free will is a far more elusive notion. However authors seem to agree on a few aspects of it. In his paper Has the Self â€Å"Free Will†? Campbell suggests that an effective free will is confined to the domain of moral decisions. He asserts that to exercise free will an agent must be sole author of an act, not simply yieldin... ...scapable illusion of the mind. Similarly to how Strawson argues the truth of determinism would not make agents any less morally accountable, I believe the falseness of free will does not detract from its usefulness in clarifying our mental narratives and explaining the origins of our actions. Works Cited Fischer, J.M. (Ed.). (2005). Free Will: Critical Concepts of Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge. McFee, G. (2000). Free Will. Teddington: Acumen Publishing. Perry, J., Bratman, M. & Fischer, J.M. (2010). Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Perry, J., Bratman, M. & Fischer, J.M. 1998). Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings. (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Campbell, C.A. (1957) On Selfhood and Godhood, London: George, Allen & Unwin.

Communication and Ethical Issues Summary Essay

The first example of the SWAT Team raiding a suspected meth house showed no ethics at all. The officers probably assumed no one was home since they pulled over their suspect away from his home, When they see a man coming down the stairs they should have noticed a golf club un his hand not a gun. The use of their power in this case was not justified even if he resisted non of the officers would have been hurt by the helmet and body armor they wear. Their use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). The second example where a homeless man is carrying a knife and would not drop it was shot. It was legal for him to have and carry the knife and if a bystander has to ask a police officer why he shot him tells me that he was not doing anything threatening with the knife. He was shot because he did not drop it. This is the shortcomings of the officer culture of leadership in his department because the officer was cleared of any wrong doing. His use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). The third example is where the police raid a recording studio thinking there are a large quantity of drugs located there. They only find personal consumption quantity and they try to decide what equipment in the recording studio they will take on asset forfeiture grounds. The police conversations were recorded because the equipment was left on when they raided the home. This is clearly an ethical problem within their agency with the leadership and the culture they have developed. Their use of power was unjustified (Balko, 2013). When you see your own leadership in your own agency does things that are not quite by the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP), it can give you the understanding that if you copy what they do or their wrong you would be justified. The author of this paper watched a correctional sergeant spray a can of pepper spray into a cell just to mess with the inmate that was inside, no other reason. An investigation  was held and the sergeant was given a verbal reprimand. The officers who worked directly for this sergeant also felt that if they broke the SOP, this sergeant would have their back and help in justifying their actions like not pulling inmates out of their cells for showers during their shower time, purposely dropping their food trays on the floor or spitting in their food. This action happens and in the report that is turned in it gets justified by that sergeant signing off on the action. Reference Balko, R. (2013, September 10). Radley Balko on the 3 Worst Cases of Police Abuse in 2011 [Video file]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix Media Library website: https://portal.phoenix.edu/medialibrary/videodetails.05V110608001512139.html

An Examination of General and Specific Motivational Mechanisms Essay

Luc G. Pelletier and Stà ©phanie C. Dion’s report entitled An Examination of General and Specific Motivational Mechanisms for the Relations Between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Behaviors aims to examine the relationship of body dissatisfaction with eating behaviors through a study of the different models of regulation of eating behaviors used by women. The study mainly uses the Self-Determination Theory (SDT) as a framework for examination of socio-cultural pressures and the `thin-ideal` as factors for body dissatisfaction and, in turn, body dissatisfaction as a cause of eating-related problems like binge eating, dietary restraint, and bulimia. Lastly, the study also looks at two different levels of motivation to explain the differences in the responses of women to socio-cultural pressures regarding body image, which lead to a difference in eating patterns. These two are the general self-determination or a sense of self-determination toward ones life and self-determination towards eating. Negative body image and its causes and effects have been the subject of many studies during the past decade. Due to its popularity as a topic for research, many of its findings are well-known and accepted by society at present. Among these are the role of media, peers, family, puberty and others in reinforcing the thin ideal, the relationship of women’s perceived discrepancies between their body ideal and body image with their satisfaction with their own body and the effect of negative body images to women’s eating habits. However, a review of the existing literature about body image reveals many interesting and sometimes unexpected findings. The first among these is the main basis of this study, which is self-determination. Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory shows that the level of women’s general self-determination in life may serve as a shield against the effect of the pressure exerted by society for women to be thin. This is interesting because this will show how body-image can be approached as a cyclical issue when joined with the findings on how positive body image can lead to confidence then to a positive self-determination. Second, body image may have an effect on many positive qualities such as attractiveness, success and intelligence. This shows attractiveness as more than just a fixed variable. It is not merely affected by the physical attributes one is born with, but also by how one feels about these physical attributes. Moreover, it emphasizes the gravity of the consequences that either a positive or negative body image may cause. Its affects can extend onto many non-physical aspects of a person’s life. In fact, another research shows that pressures from society to be thin can change individual core beliefs as regards the importance of physical appearance compared with other values. Another interesting finding is that body dissatisfaction may be addressed by either self-reinforcement or by aiming to change one’s appearance. People are more familiar with the second approach, which includes exercising and dieting. However, it is interesting to find that grooming and other forms of self-reinforcement are also used. While these forms of self-reinforcement may have been admitted to be used by people to enhance their self-image, it is not easily identifiable to have a direct correlation to body image. Moreover, this type approach shows a more positive and less destructive way of addressing issues on body image.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Seven hypotheses were tested in the research. They are stated in the article as follows. First, general self-determination will be negatively associated with both socio-cultural pressures about body image and the endorsement of society’s beliefs about thinness and obesity. Second, socio-cultural pressures should be positively linked to the endorsement of society’s beliefs, which, in turn, will positively predict body dissatisfaction. Third, although body dissatisfaction is expected to positively predict both an autonomous and a controlled form of regulation of eating behaviors, it should lead mainly to a controlled regulation of eating. Fourth, the autonomous form of regulation of eating will be positively associated with healthy eating behaviors, whereas the controlled form of regulation will be positively associated with dysfunctional eating behaviors. Fifth, general self-determination should be positively associated with the autonomous form of regulation and negatively associated with the controlled form of regulation. Sixth, the autonomous regulation of eating behaviors will be positively associated with healthy eating behaviors and negatively associated with bulimic symptoms, whereas the controlled regulation of eating behaviors will be positively associated with dysfunctional eating and negatively associated with healthy eating behaviors. Finally, healthy eating behaviors should positively predict psychological adjustment, whereas dysfunctional eating should negatively predict psychological adjustment. These hypotheses aim to test the relationship of general self-determination, body image, body dissatisfaction, forms of regulation of eating behaviors, eating habits and psychological adjustment among each other. Methodology The study was done on 447 female students, ages 16 to 54 from two universities—the University of Ottawa and the Carleton University. Of these students 78.2% are taking undergraduate degrees from the University of Ottawa, 20% are graduate students from the same university, while the remaining 1.2% are enrolled at Carleton University. The researchers adopted several scales and indexes to test its hypotheses. Enumerated in the study are the General Motivation Scale (GMS), Teasing Assessment Scale, Body Dissatisfaction Subscale (EDI-BD), Regulation of Eating Behaviors Scale (REBS), Healthy Eating Habits Scale, Dysfunctional Eating (BULIT-R), Psychological Adjustment Index (PAI), Depressed Mood Scale (CES-D), Self-Esteem Scale (SES) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The tests are composed of statements and questions, which the respondents assess using a Likert scale with around five to seven points for rating. The scales are usually divided in several subscales with equal number of items based on the nature of the hypothesis being tested. They have been previously used in other studies and their reliability and validity have been tested. Results and Discussion The study was able to prove all six hypotheses. These hypotheses will be discussed in three groups. These groups are general self-determination and determinants of body dissatisfaction, general self-determination and forms of regulation of eating behaviors and consequences of the forms of regulation of eating behaviors on psychological adjustment. The last group will be divided into the association of autonomous and controlled eating regulation to healthy and dysfunctional eating habits and the relationship of eating behaviors with psychological adjustment. The first discussion group pertains to the first and second hypotheses. Findings show that general self-determination has a positive association with autonomous regulation of eating behaviors, while it has a negative association with controlled regulation of eating. In relation to this, general self-determination has a negative relation with socio-cultural pressures about body image and the endorsement of society’s beliefs about thinness and obesity. On the contrary, socio-cultural pressures about body image and endorsement of society’s beliefs about thinness and obesity have a positive association, while the latter is positively associated with body dissatisfaction. The cause for this result was explained to be that the more women perceived socio-cultural pressures about body image, the more they internalized societal beliefs about thinness and obesity, which causes them to have body dissatisfaction. However, general self-determination allows them to be more motivated to act according to their own values, rather than be pressured socio-cultural messages of thinness. People with general self-determination are more likely to measure self-worth based on personal growth, meaningful relationships and other intrinsic values, rather than by using extrinsic values such as physical attractiveness. The second discussion group relates to the third and fifth hypotheses. It was found that both autonomous and controlled eating behaviors are good motivational mechanisms and have a positive association to body dissatisfaction. However, the association of controlled regulation, which is ÃŽ ² = .74 is stronger than autonomous regulation’s ÃŽ ² = .14. In addition to this, it was found that general self-determination in life caused them to be self-determined in the regulation of their eating behaviors, which is a specific life domain. The third discussion groups relates to the fourth, fifth and sixth hypotheses. As for the fourth and sixth hypotheses, majority of women who are dissatisfied with their body image eat in a restrictive manner due to the motivation to reduce body dissatisfaction caused by internal pressures such as guilt or shame or external pressures such as media and parents about body image and the endorsement of beliefs about thinness and obesity. Controlled regulation has a positive association with dysfunctional eating behaviors and a negative associated with healthy eating behaviors. On the contrary, women with greater self-determination tend to have healthy eating habits because they have less probability of perceiving socio-cultural pressures about body image and internalize societal beliefs about thinness and obesity. Unlike its negative relation with dysfunctional eating behaviors, autonomous regulation has a positive relation to healthy eating behaviors. Lastly, as regards the last hypothesis, positive psychological adjustment are found have a positive connection with healthy eating behaviors. On the contrary, it has a negative relation with dysfunctional eating behaviors. The results of the study suggest that healthy eating behavior may be a necessary condition for global psychological adjustment. These findings may provide new approaches to understanding and treating body image-related issues and eating disorders. Having built the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, specialists may focus on increasing self-esteem rather than emphasizing the evils of unhealthy eating habits. They may also begin looking at the motivational perspective introduced in the study and adapt treatment according to what motivates a woman to adopt weight control habits. Summary In summary, the results were interpreted to show that societal pressures and self-determination may be seen as competing factors that determine body dissatisfaction, with societal pressures as the cause for the endorsement of societal beliefs about obesity and thinness, while self-determination as the buffer against it. Both body dissatisfaction and self-determination have an effect on the kind of eating regulation a woman may adopt. This may result to either a healthy or dysfunctional eating habit among women. However, the authors offered an alternative explanation for the results. The explanation is actually a reverse of the second hypotheses. According to the authors, body dissatisfaction may have been the cause for women to endorse society’s belief, rather than the inverse, because such dissatisfaction may lead women to pay more attention socio-cultural pressures about body image.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Several other topics related to this area of research may be examined in the future. First, researchers can look at satisfaction or dissatisfaction caused by the body image formed relative to the body type of the person with whom a subject has constant contact with. Some people may feel less overweight when placed with obese people than when placed with thin people and vice versa. Second, researchers may delve into more deeply into other means women address body dissatisfaction such as exercise, and determine what factors cause women to choose a certain approach. This may also be related to general self-determination such that researchers may examine which between exercising or other means of addressing body dissatisfaction and dieting, or a combination of both, is used by women with different levels of self-determination. Lastly, the present study may also be replicated using different genders, attributes, and means of addressing body dissatisfaction. Very interesting results may arise from the study of gays and lesbians.

Solving Black Inner City Poverty

FILM QUESTIONNAIRE #2 DUE DATE: 10/8/10 NAME: Solving Black Inner-City Poverty: William Julius Wilson, Films for the Humanities, Inc. , 1994 [30 minutes] 1. What has been the main cause of the rise of concentrated poverty in the urban ghetto since the 1970s according to Wilson? (4 points) Wilson argues that one of the main cause of the rise of concentrated poverty in the urban ghetto since the 1970s is the fact of segregation. In the 1970s the poor, middle class and upper class all lived in the same neighborhoods. This gave the poor more opportunities to find jobs through interaction with the wealthier tier of citizens.Nowadays, the less fortunate cluster in the ghettos and create their own life-ways, which makes it increasingly difficult to get out of the vicious circle. The schools in the neighborhood are not adequate, there are less opportunities and they cant live up to the morals and values that they would like to, but form their own. Another major factor to why the poor stay po or is the fact that single-mom households have increased from 20% in the 1970s to 51% today and the struggle it is for them to get out of the ghetto being what they are.In his book The Declining Significance of Race he further examines the question; â€Å"Why do poverty and unequal opportunity persist in the lives of so many African Americans? † In response, he traces the history and current state of powerful structural factors impacting African Americans, such as discrimination in laws, policies, hiring, housing, and education. He argues against either/or politicized views of poverty among African Americans that either focus blame solely on cultural factors or only on unjust structural factors.He tries to demonstrate the importance of understanding not only the independent contributions of social structure and culture, but also how they interact to shape different group outcomes that embody racial inequality. 2. What are some elements of the informal sex code that governs se xual relations in the ghetto? (3 points) Wilson contends that there is an â€Å"informal sexcode† within the ghettos and that the ratio of births among young women is increasing. Men gain prestige by the numbers of girlfriends as well as children they accumulate.And since black males are â€Å"unmarriable† when they do not have a job to support the family, the women end up alone with several children. Wilson was one of the first to enunciate at length the â€Å"spatial mismatch† theory for the development of a ghetto underclass. As industrial jobs disappeared in cities in the wake of global economic restructuring, and hence urban unemployment increased, women found it unwise to marry the fathers of their children, since the fathers would not be breadwinners. 3. Wilson advocates universal type programs for dealing with the plight of the inner city poor.What is meant by universal programs? Why is he in favor of universal as opposed to race-specific solutions? (4 p oints) A Universal Program is a program that addresses all races. Wilson favors Universal programs for the fact that no American citizen should be living in poverty. As of the time of the interview two thirds of the poor within the US population was white. The whites were also hit hard by the de-industrialization, not only the black. Wilson argues that we should talk in Universal terms, about programs that are there to help all Americans get a job.The way to reach the poor is by introducing an alternative avenue to success, they feel neglected and not involved in the white middle/upper-class society so in return they have created their own sphere where they set the rules and where perceived relative deprivation is high. Where the poor blacks have nurtured hatred towards the white middleclass for doing well. 4. Wilson himself grew up in a poor family in rural Pennsylvania. Why does he think he was able to escape poverty against the odds? (3 points)Wilson grew up in a poor family in r ural Pennsylvania but still managed to escape poverty since he had a very good role model, namely his Aunt Janice. His aunt (with his mother behind her) pushed Wilson to get an education and took him on trips, to museums and gave him books. She got him on his feet and he took over from there. He was also raised in rural Pennsylvania and not in an inner city, which is a big difference. In the inner city you have a sense of crowdedness, a high rate of crimes, easy access to drugs, and the sense of being imprisoned, which you do not have in the rural parts of the country.This gives you a different outlook on things according to Wilson. 5. In the article we read (â€Å"A Black City Within the White†), Loic Wacquant formulates a strong critique of Wilson and other proponents of the â€Å"underclass† thesis. What is the crux of his critique? Do you agree with Wilson or Wacquant? Why? (6 points) Wilson argues that the significance of race is waning, and an African-American's class is comparatively more important in determining his or her life chances.Wacquant, on the other hand, argues that a ghetto is not simply a conglomeration of poor families or a spatial accumulation of undesirable social conditions but an institutional form. He points out that it is the instrument of ethnoracial closure and power whereby a population deemed disreputable and dangerous is at once secluded and controlled. Furthermore, he disputes the fact that ghettos were ever simply desolate places of ecological disrepair and social hardship. He points out that there was – and still are – manifestations of a power relation between the dominant white society and its subordinate black caste.I would argue that Wilsons’s argument that the labor market problems African Americans face today are largely due to deindustrialization and consequent skills mismatches. On one hand, African Americans never were especially dependent on jobs in the manufacturing sector, so dei ndustrialization in itself has not had a major impact on African Americans, and that, on the other hand, the relative labor market success of poorly-educated immigrants in the postindustrial era shows that there is no absence of jobs for those ith few skills. To me, Wilson puts forth the attitude that a persons patterns and norms of behavior tend to be shaped by those with which he or she has had the most frequent or sustained contact and interaction. First, he seems to argue that external influences or differential associations are on of the key pillars to his theory, secondly, the out-migration of middle-class minorities, and thirdly, the problem of distance and spatial mismatch – between inner city residents and places of potential employment.He also attributed the increasing rate of inner city marriage disintegration to consistent states of joblessness. I must say that I think Wilson does not give enough emphasis to the role of race. Racial segregation is much more crucia l to the development of concentrated poverty and any resulting neighborhood disintegration than black middle-class out-migration, while social class segregation is a very real factor, it is notably intensified when racial segregation is high. Wilson is not acknowledging current discriminatory practices, in my opinion.

Christmas Celebration

Christmas Celebration Many people celebrate Christmas but don’t believe in God or Jesus. It’s a holiday that many people will celebrate together by giving each other gifts and spent time with family. The day of Christmas is the birth of Jesus Christ. It is usually celebrated on December 25 each year. Many people around the world will usually celebrate it. It’s a time for family and friends to come together to celebrate a time of joy and love. People also think that on the day of Christmas it should be a day of peace around the world.Little kids will be exited on the day of Christmas because they often get many gifts or present from their friends and family. Many of them will also believe in Santa Claus. On the night before Christmas, kids will prepare a list or a letter to Santa telling him what they wish for. They will also have some cookies and drink on the table for him to eat. Kids have been told that if they are bad and naughty then they will get coal. But i f they are nice then they will get gifts.In their mind Santa Claus is dressed wearing a red coat with white collar, a Santa hat, black boots and leather belt with white bearded. They believe that on that night which is called Christmas Eve, Santa Claus will deliver presents with a sleigh and many reindeer to the well behaved children’s. He will come through the chimney on the roof. Then slide down and walk through the fire place. Then on the morning day of Christmas kids will wake up and presents will be under the Christmas tree. Some kids don’t believe in Santa Clause because they think it’s not real.They might have found out and knows about it. Some kids might be bad and never really got presents. It could also be when they were a kids their family never told them about how Santa Claus exist and how they deliver gifts. They think it is their parents the one who got the present to them and pretend to be Santa. Even though some kids know it’s not true but they still pretend to believe in it. They could be happy from writing the letter to Santa and waking up next morning seeing the presents.It really depends on themselves if they believe it or not. Maybe as they grew older and found out it is their parents then they might be sad and disappointed. I once believed in Santa Claus as a kid because I got present the next day I woke up from every Christmas. But then later on as I grew older I kind of know it was my aunt the one who gave me the presents. I remembered that as a kid before I know the truth it was fun on Christmas Eve because I went to sleep early and the next day I woke up with presents.And once I don’t believe in it then every Christmas there wasn’t gift to me from Santa Claus. I just got gifts from friends and family. This belief can be something going on till today. If each family has children then they can be the one telling them about Santa Claus and make them believe into it. Different culture can celebrat e Christmas in their way but it’s quite the same. With a Christmas tree and giving gifts. Santa Claus is always the same look. Mostly every country in the world will celebrate Christmas.Some of them celebrate early in December and others celebrate early in January. On December 24 the day or night before Christmas which is Christmas Eve is a night where they prepare things. I think Christmas has a beautiful decoration. Mostly if Christmas is celebrated then they would also have a Christmas tree. The Christmas tree will have lights and ornament. The house itself might as well be decorated. Some people will decorate their yards with Christmas figure. And at night it looks nice when it is dark and those Christmas decoration has lights.

A Story About Wwf Essay Research

A Narrative About Wwf Essay, Research Paper A narrative about WWF # 8220 ; Welcome everybody to Raw IS War! Tonight s chief event is Biting poetries Shawn Michaels for the WWF World Heavyweight Championship. Before we begin, here is a small information on the rival, Sting, # 8221 ; announced Vince McCann. # 8220 ; He hails from Death Valley, California. At 7 pess tall and over 300 lbs, he is the biggest grappler in the WWF. He is the Man from the dark side, # 8221 ; Jim Ross stated. # 8220 ; Ladies and Gentlemen # 8230 ; .. here is your rival # 8230 ; # 8230 ; .. Biting! # 8221 ; The crowd cheers as Biting walks down the incline. He is stopped at the underside of the incline to be interviewed by Gene Oakerland. # 8220 ; Sting, if I can inquire you one inquiry. Why do you desire the rubric so severely? # 8221 ; # 8221 ; Well Gene, of all time since I was a kid, the title belt has been held by disrespecting perverts. I feel it s clip for a existent title-holder get the belt. That is why I m here, I m the people s cham # 8230 ; .. # 8221 ; Before biting could complete his sentence he is attacked by HHH. HHH s spouse distracted the referee long plenty for him to present the lay waste toing Piledriver. With Biting s caput exposed, HHH drops to the land and drives Biting s exposed caput on the cement floor. The force was plenty to interrupt his cervix. Sting was knocked out from the force of the impact. When he awoke, he was in an ambulance. # 8220 ; Where am I? Person please state me where I am, # 8221 ; Biting pleaded. The paramedic treated him to quiet down. # 8220 ; I can t move! I can t travel # 8221 ; he would state. It took about half an hr to Sharp Hospital. Two physicians were waiting for him when he arrived. The instantly took him to the operating room. It was here that Biting found out that he had suffer ed a broken spinal column. The physician ordered an experimental operation. It was a extremely unsafe operation. One muss up could kill the ace. It took five hours to finish the hard operation. Sting was wheeled into his private room. To do him experience more at place, the room was decorated with WWF ware. When Biting woke up, he had a crisp hurting in his cervix. The physician gave him some medical specialty to assist. It worked a small spot. About three hours after he woke up, a physician came in and told him that he likely neer be able to wrestle once more. Biting bosom sunk. He didn T privation to hear that. It was approximately seven in the forenoon when Biting went to kip. It had been about 10 hours since he arrived at the infirmary. For the first two months, all he did was slumber. The medical specialty they were giving him doing him really sleepy. When he was awake, he would travel his manus a small. The little motion of his custodies made the physicians highly happy. They now were certain that he wasn t paralyzed. It took him another 4s months before he could travel his arm absolutely. With the assurance he had gained, he tried to walk out of bed. Equally shortly as he was off the bed, he feel level on his face. Biting was shortly transferred to the San Diego Rehabilitation Center. For the first few months, he would merely sit in bed thought of ways to acquire back HHH. One Sunday, he happened to watch church on t.v. He saw a adult male who claimed that God cured him of palsy. Biting started to pray instantly. # 8220 ; Dear Lord, It s me Sting. I know you are truly busy and all but if you could, I would truly wish to wrestle once more. Amen. # 8221 ; Biting recited this supplication for the following two hebdomads. On the 15th twenty-four hours, he tried to travel his pess

Pollution Due to Vehicular Emissions Case Study

Pollution Due to Vehicular Emissions - Case Study Example It changed from a colonial headquarters to a national capital. It was suddenly the most important and active center for governance, commerce, industry, culture and education. The consequent rise in population and economic activity resulted in the city's unprecedented growth. With civic amenities not being able to keep pace with the city's expansion in terms of population, vehicles, loss of green cover and so on, pollution rose and touched alarming levels. The state government along with non-government organizations and concerned citizens including school children has been aware for some time now about the urgency of keeping pollution under control. Some measures have been taken though the battle against pollution is still far from won. This paper examines the problem of pollution caused by vehicular emissions in the Indian Capital of New Delhi. The steps taken to control it, subsequent results and future intentions are discussed briefly. According to the White Paper on Pollution in Delhi, 1997, 67% of the total air pollution can be attributed to vehicular emissions. The phenomenal increase in number of vehicles in Delhi can be best appreciated when one is confronted with actual numbers. According to the same paper it is learnt that number of vehicles in Delhi rose from two hundred and thirty five thousand in 1975 to two million six hundred and twenty nine thousand in 1996! While in 1975 the number of vehicles in Delhi and Mumbai were about the same, by 1997, Delhi had three times the number of vehicles in Mumbai. Understanding the urgency of the situation the Ministry of Environment and Forests after much deliberation with concerned government agencies, NGOs, experts and citizens, produced a comprehensive Action Plan that prescribed a number of measures to combat Delhi's rapidly increasing pollution. It was quite clear that if the air in Delhi was to be cleared, vehicular emissions had to be addressed first of all in any strategy to control air pollution in the city. Earlier in 1995 the Centre for Science and Environment had succeeded in creating awareness among the people of the dangers of air pollution in Delhi. The CSE campaign called for a shift from use of diesel as fuel for vehicles in Indian cities towards Compressed Natural Gas. Eventually, in December 2002 the Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) program was implemented. All public transport vehicles had to run on CNG only. Air quality in Delhi improved perceptibly yet there was still much scope for improvement. Five years later, by November 2007, an alarm went up again with annual average levels of reparable suspended particulate matter showing an upward swing the previous year. It was believed that the gains from the CNG program had been lost with all first generation options having been exhausted. Sunita Narain, Director CSE said strict measures needed to be taken with a second generation of reforms that would address new challenges. The rate at which the city was adding new personal vehicles each day to its roads doubled that of the pre-CNG days. However, the gravity of the situation was not lost on at least some members of the government and the Chief Minister of Delhi, Ms Sheila

Organizational beilefs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Organizational beilefs - Essay Example The employees have been guided to follow the instructions of the organizational leaders because they are primarily responsible for taking decisions and their subordinates have to follow them. Employees are not recommended to challenge the decision of the leader because it will create a rift and organizational functionality will suffer. However, if employees are interested to bring change in the company then they are strongly suggested to follow the process of change management but again in order to do that they need support of the top management and therefore, usually they have to shut their mouths and keep on doing what are asked to do. I have worked with a news agency which was operating to report and partially analyzed developments of American stock exchanges. The job was a hectic and rather painful one too. I started to the job with great level of enthusiasm as it was my first placement. My energies ran out after working for three months. The most fundamental and important cause of my disinterest stemmed out of my suffering of psychological contract breach as I started to think that my efforts, energies and intellect were being wasted as I work for this particular organization. The job was challenging and therefore, needed a significant level of struggle on my part but the organizational leadership was not willing to recognize my contributions to a certain level because they had to pay me more which they were unwilling to do at that point in time. The basic organizational belief was to work in order to exploit people and the organization was notorious for not striking the balance between one’s efforts and compensation. I on the other hand believed that the company must benefit the workers so that a viable, reasonable and acceptable level of social exchange can be forged between an employer and its employees. The company was operating in an entirely different way. Secondly, the leader of the organization told me that they are

Explain similarities and differences in the organizational cultures of Term Paper

Explain similarities and differences in the organizational cultures of any two of the organizations listed below - Term Paper Example An organizational culture also consists of specific customs and traditions that have been passed on through the employees. Many companies encourage the use of historical stories and events to relate the company’s strong culture and how its people are its biggest asset. Slogans, taglines and symbols can also be categorized as part of the organizational culture; many employees will draw motivational forces from these objects and improve their productivity. IBM and Toshiba are two of the well-known computer manufacturers who have their own organizational culture present in their company. Each of them has specific strengths and weaknesses which they have overcome through the efforts of their employees. Although many people believe that since they are competitive companies, their cultures and norms will be more of less the same, however this is not the case. For simplicity, we have carried out a research of the companies based on their head-office culture which gives the most accur ate description of the type of culture the original creators wanted. With the advent of globalization, this activity has become increasingly difficult, however some aspects are more clearly visible then others. What we have seen is that there are both similarities and differences in the cultures and both have their impact on the workings of the company, and while some have positive effects, others may prove to be disastrous. Introduction An organization is always affected by the culture it has. Culture can be defined as beliefs, behavior, language, and way of life for a particular group of people or a certain time. The importance of having a uniform culture throughout the company cannot be emphasized enough. In 1992, John Kotter and James Heskett published Corporate Culture and Performance, a landmark study of more than 200 US companies. They concluded that over time, organizations that managed their staff well saw their share prices increase more than 10 times higher than organizat ions that did not. In this article, we will be discussing the organization cultures of two large multinational companies which deal with the manufacture and distribution of laptops, computers, servers and other computer hardware devices. The companies are IBM and Toshiba. About the Companies IBM’s roots can be traced back to the year 1911 and has ever since been dominant in the IT business. While they remained competitive in some product categories, they failed in others. However, they remained true to their culture and this is the reason why they have remained a prominent player in the industry for so many years (Lesser & Prusak, 2004). Toshiba on the other hand, was started in the year 1939. Toshiba has always remained a competitive firm in the computer industry; however it has never missed out on opportunities in the electronics industry. Throughout its history, the group responsible for Toshiba expanded strongly, both by internal growth and by acquisitions, buying heavy e ngineering and primary industry firms in the 1940s and 1950s and then spinning off subsidiaries in the 1970s and beyond. They maintained its integrity and its strong culture. Some have attributed this strong culture as the backbone of its success. Some experts however say that it will be this culture that may lead to its eventual downfall; this argument is debatable and is out of the scope of this paper. What we must understand is that for a comparative analysis we must set a few parameters. For our purposes we will be discus

Marketing Strategy Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing Strategy Degree - Essay Example Coca-cola, Kellogg's, McDonald's, Kodak, Marlboro, IBM, American Express, Sony, Mercedes-Benz and Nescafe are generally in the world's top ten brand in the market , and they have reached and retained in such position mainly because of the efforts of marketing and advertising departments ( Stanley, 2003). So exactly what is an advertisement or what can we understand by the term advertisement. Their have been different views regarding the concept of advertisement. According to John Burnett, "Advertisement is a non-personal communication of marketing related information to a target audience, usually paid by the advertiser and delivered through mass media in order to reach specific objective of sponsor". However according to the critic of advertising, Judith Williamson (1978, p.57) states that it's "the most ubiquitous form in which we encounter commercial photography" which means advertising is the 'official art' of the advanced industrial nation of the west. It occupies the newspapers and is covered all over with urban environment, it is highly systematize organization involving many artist, writer and film directors, and consist of a large amount of output of the mass media. Advertisements promote and affect the idea and value which are crucial to a particular economy system. Thus a good advertisement is that, which we should not lose interest in their ideological functions, which is connected to their economic functions (Dyer, 1995 p.2). Another definition by (Longman, 1971) 'Advertising attempts to inform and persuade a large number of people with a single communication'. Therefore in its simple sense the word 'advertising' means capturing the attention to something or telling or advising somebody of something. (Dyer, 1995 p.2). Thus advertising can be seen as a medium for communicating or

Alumni Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Alumni Role - Essay Example I have worked assisting in various programs at the facility through promoting education in the following: the quit-smoking program, cancer support project, CPR and First Aid program, and the Basic Health Education to new immigrants. In all the projects, my bilingual abilities (knowledge of Cantonese and Mandarin, as well as English) proved fundamental in exhibiting and managing effective communication. My responsibilities as an intern include the following: (1) assisting the health department staff to double check the database from the projects; (2) using bilingual (Cantonese and Mandarin) to translate the information about the First aid and CPR class to the new immigrants who signified interests or were required to take these classes; and finally, (3) updating the information of the clients’ in the patients’ chart. All of these activities enabled the development of skills in recording, documentation, communication, and adherence to details in disclosing crucial information regarding the patients’ history and

Triangulation in Geometry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Triangulation in Geometry - Research Paper Example More specifically, it can be defined as the underlying space of a simplicial complex. Here, a polyhedron can be viewed as an intersection of halfspaces (Webster 1994). Then, a convex polytope may be defined as the convex hull of a finite set of points (which are always bounded), or as a bounded intersection of a finite set of half-spaces (Webster 1994). More specifically, it can be defined as a finite region of -dimensional space enclosed by a finite number of hyperplanes. The part of the polytope that lies in one of the bounding hyperplanes is called a cell (Weisstein 2002). Simplex is the generalization of a tetrahedral region of space to -D. The boundary of a -simplex has -faces (vertices), -faces (edges), and -faces, where is a binomial coefficient. The simplex named because it represents the simplest possible polytope in any given space (Weisstein 2002). Simplicial complex is a space with a triangulation. Formally, a simplicial complex in is a collection of simplices in such that: (i) every face of a simplex of is in , and (ii) the intersection of any two simplices of is a face of each of them (Munkres 1993). Objects in the space made up of only the simplices in the triangulation of the space are called simplicial subcomplexes (Weisstein 2002). Usually, surface is a -D submanifold of -D Euclidean space. More generally, surface is an -D submanifold of an -D manifold, or in general, any codimension-1 subobject in an object like a Banach space or an infinitedimensional manifold. A surface with a finite number of triangles in its triangulation is called compact surface (Weisstein 2002). Genus is a topologically invariant property of a surface defined as the largest number of nonintersecting simple closed curves that can be drawn on the surface without separating it. In fact, it is the number of holes in a surface (Weisstein 2002). The geometric genus of a surface is related to the Euler characteristic by . Our final key definition is for Betti numbers. Betti numbers are topological objects which were proved to be invariants by Poincar, and used by him to extend the polyhedral formula to higher dimensional spaces. Informally, the Betti number is the maximum number of cuts that can be made without dividing a surface into two separate pieces. Formally, the -th Betti number is the rank of the -th homology group of a topological space (Griffiths 1976; Weisstein 2002). 2. Euler's theorem Euler's theorem states relation between the number of vertices , edges , and faces of a simply connected (i.e., genus ) polyhedron () or polygon (), i.e. it states the polyhedral formula . Initial Euler's proof of the polyhedral formula is not irreproachable (Cromwell 1999). This proof is based on the principle that polyhedrons can be truncated. Euler's proof begins with a polyhedron consisting of a large number of vertice

Child perpetrator of violence Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Child perpetrator of violence - Case Study Example This is a case that happened to twenty six year old Corey Deen Saunders who experienced chaotic childhood and currently serves a life sentence in prison for perpetuation sexual abuse to a six year old boy. Corey Deen Saunders and family history Corey Deen Saunders is a 26 year old man serving a life sentence in prison after abusing a six year old boy in a library. He is mildly retarded and suffers from attention deficit disorder. He had serious psychological problems and turned from a victim to a predator that sexually preyed on young boys. Saunders really liked younger boys, especially those between six and twelve years and always gave excuses to be around and hang out with them. As he grew up, his behavior became conspicuously sexual and all his remarks on boys were sexual in nature. Saunders also sexually fantasized a lot about younger boys living in his neighborhood. He admitted to having more than four hundred sexual fantasies that involved younger children in school. At one poi nt, he contemplated raping and murdering a specific ten year old boy in school. In April 1999, Saunders tried to aggressively win over a twelve year old boy to have sex with him. As Corey Deen Saunders grew, he became sexually compulsive towards younger boys. Saunders’ compulsive sexual behavior eventually landed him in prison following unsuccessful rehabilitation. His real problems began when he sexually abused two children below his age. This is because he had serious psychological problems. Saunders overtly sexual behavior was not corrected at Stetson school and he continued making sexual advances to younger boys. He stole boys under wears and hoarded them. In September 1999, Stetson school found it extremely difficult to contain Saunders and it was decided that Saunders was becoming hazardous to younger children and was transferred to North Carolina’s treatment facility. However, Saunders was transferred to Top East Emergency Shelter in Taunton instead. Saunders es caped from the facility on December 30, 1999 and was found by police some hours later walking barefoot in the streets of Taunton. After escaping from Top East Emergency Shelter he was never readmitted and the Department of Social Services instructed the police to take Saunders to a foster home in Attleboro. Neither police nor the Department of Social Services informed the woman at foster home that he young man had serious psychological problems. As a result, the woman manager did not take extra measures to protect other children from his sexually compulsive behavior. Consequently, Saunders sexually assaulted a seven year old son of the foster woman a few feet away from his mother in the foster’s home living room. As a result, Saunders was charged of battery and indecent assault of a child below fourteen years, abuse and attempted rape of a child less than sixteen years. Following the above incident in 2001, Saunders pleaded guilty and was sentenced to four years and one day i n prison, with additional twelve years probation. After serving his term in prison, Saunders was eventually released. However, Saunders sexually assaulted a six year old boy in New Bedford Public Library, and he was charged again with battery and indecent assault on a child below fourteen years, enticing and raping a child below sixteen years. Following his second abuse, he was sentenced for life to keep him away from harming children.